Mahabharata
12
अध्याय 12 / 18

Shanti Parva

शान्तिपर्व

12866 श्लोकभाग 108/172 · श्लोक 252.1–253.51

पूर्ण अध्याय पाठ71 श्लोक

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.1

[य] सूक्ष्मं साधु समादिष्टं भवता धर्मलक्षणम परतिभा तव अस्ति मे का चित तां बरूयाम अनुमानतः

[ya] sūkṣmaṃ sādhu samādiṣṭaṃ bhavatā dharmalakṣaṇama paratibhā tava asti me kā cita tāṃ barūyāma anumānataḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

है, वह प्राणी शोकग्रस्त, मोहित अथवा भ्रान्त भी हो सकता है

English

"Yudhishthira said, 'Tell me, O grand-sire, what regions are earned by unreturning heroes by encountering death in battle."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.2

भूयांसॊ हृदये ये मे परश्नास ते वयाहृतास तवया इमम अन्यं परवक्ष्यामि न राजन विग्रहाद इव

bhūyāṃsò hṛdaye ye me paraśnāsa te vayāhṛtāsa tavayā imama anyaṃ paravakṣyāmi na rājana vigrahāda iva

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वे: क्रतुशतैरिष्टं न त्वमेक: शतक्रतु: अन्तरिक्षचरा: सर्वे सर्वेडभिमुखयोधिन:

English

[Yudhishthira said:] "The many questions in my heart you have answered; I shall ask you another, king, not as in a quarrel.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.3

इमानि हि परापयन्ति सृजन्त्य उत्तारयन्ति च न धर्मः परिपाथेन शक्यॊ भारत वेदितुम

imāni hi parāpayanti sṛjantya uttārayanti ca na dharmaḥ paripāthena śakyò bhārata vedituma

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वे सत्यव्रतपरा: सर्वे कामविहारिण: सत्यव्रतका पालन करनेमें तत्पर और इच्छानुसार विहार करनेवाले थे

English

These bring one to, create and carry across; dharma cannot be known, Bharata, by rote.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.4

अन्यॊ धर्मः समस्थस्य विषमस्थस्य चापरः आपदस तु कथं शक्याः परिपाठेन वेदितुम

anyò dharmaḥ samasthasya viṣamasthasya cāparaḥ āpadasa tu kathaṃ śakyāḥ paripāṭhena vedituma

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वे यथा्हदातार: सर्वे विगतमत्सरा:

English

One dharma is for one in a level state, another for one in an uneven; how can calamities be known by reading?

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.5

सद आचारॊ मतॊ धर्मः सन्तस तव आचार लक्षणाः साध्यासाध्यं कथं शक्यं सद आचारॊ हय अलक्षणम

sada ācārò matò dharmaḥ santasa tava ācāra lakṣaṇāḥ sādhyāsādhyaṃ kathaṃ śakyaṃ sada ācārò haya alakṣaṇama

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वे दाक्षायणीपुत्रा: प्राजापत्या महाबला: त्वं चैवेमां यदा भुक्‍्त्वा पृथिवीं त्यक्षसे पुन:

English

Good conduct is held to be dharma, and the good have good conduct as their mark; how can the achievable and unachievable be known, since good conduct has no mark?

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.6

दृश्यते धर्मरूपेण अधर्मं पराकृतश चरन धर्मं चाधर्मरूपेण कश चिद अप्राकृतश चरन

dṛśyate dharmarūpeṇa adharmaṃ parākṛtaśa carana dharmaṃ cādharmarūpeṇa kaśa cida aprākṛtaśa carana

हिन्दी अर्थ

मुज्चेच्छां कामभोगेषु मुज्चेमं॑ श्रीभवं मदम्

English

Someone is seen to practise adharma in the form of dharma, a common man, and someone not common practising dharma in the form of adharma.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.7

पुनर अस्य परमानं हि निर्दिष्टं शास्त्रकॊविदैः वेदवादाश चानुयुगं हरसन्तीति ह नः शरुतम

punara asya paramānaṃ hi nirdiṣṭaṃ śāstrakòvidaiḥ vedavādāśa cānuyugaṃ harasantīti ha naḥ śarutama

हिन्दी अर्थ

शोककाले शुचो मा त्वं हर्षकाले च मा हृष: मां चेदभ्यागत: काल: सदा युक्तमतन्द्रित:

English

Again, the authority for it is stated by the knowers of scripture, and we have heard that Vedic disputations decline with each age.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.8

अन्ये कृतयुगे धर्मास तरेतायां दवापरे ऽपरे अन्ये कलियुगे धर्मा यथाशक्ति कृता इव

anye kṛtayuge dharmāsa taretāyāṃ davāpare 'pare anye kaliyuge dharmā yathāśakti kṛtā iva

हिन्दी अर्थ

त्रासयन्निव देवेन्द्र वाग्भिस्तक्षसि मामिह

English

The dharmas of the Krita are one, of the Treta another, of the Dvapara another, and in the Kali as if done as far as possible.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.9

आम्नायवचनं सत्यम इत्य अयं लॊकसंग्रहः आम्नायेभ्यः परं वेदाः परसृता विश्वतॊमुखाः

āmnāyavacanaṃ satyama itya ayaṃ lòkasaṃgrahaḥ āmnāyebhyaḥ paraṃ vedāḥ parasṛtā viśvatòmukhāḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

काल: प्रथममायान्मां पश्चात् त्वामनुधावति को हि स्थातुमलं लोके मम क्रुद्धस्य संयुगे

English

"The word of tradition is true": this is the gathering of the world; beyond the traditions the Vedas spread facing every way.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.10

ते चेत सर्वे परमानं वै परमानं तन न विद्यते परमाने चाप्रमाने च विरुद्धे शास्त्रता कुतः

te ceta sarve paramānaṃ vai paramānaṃ tana na vidyate paramāne cāpramāne ca viruddhe śāstratā kutaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

बुद्धिरव्यसनमासाद्य भिन्ना नौरिव सीदति ते सर्वे शक्र यास्यन्ति मार्गमिन्द्रशतैर्गतम्

English

"Bhishma, said, 'In this connection, O Yudhishthira, is cited the old story of the discourse between Amvarisha and Indra. Amvarisha, the son of Nabhaga, having repaired to heaven that is so difficult of acquisition, beheld his own generalissimo in those celestial regions in the company of Indra. The king saw his puissant general blazing with every kind of energy, endued with celestial form, seated on a very beautiful car, and journeying (in that vehicle) up and up towards still higher regions. Beholding the prosperity of his general Sudeva, and observing how he traversed regions that were still higher, the high- souled Amvarisha, filled with surprise, addressed Vasava, in the following words.'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.11

धर्मस्य हरियमाणस्य बलवद्भिर दुरात्मभिः या या विक्रियते संस्था ततः सापि परनश्यति

dharmasya hariyamāṇasya balavadbhira durātmabhiḥ yā yā vikriyate saṃsthā tataḥ sāpi paranaśyati

हिन्दी अर्थ

मार्गपर जायँगे, जिसपर पहलेके सैकड़ों इन्द्र जा चुके हैं

English

"Amvarisha said, 'Having duly governed the whole earth bounded by the seas, having from desire of earning religious merit practised all those duties that are common to the four orders as declared by the scriptures, having practised with rigid austerity all the duties of the Brahmacharya mode, having waited with dutiful obedience upon my preceptors and other reverend seniors, having studied with due observances the Vedas and the scriptures on kingly duties, having gratified guests with food and drink, the Pitris with offerings in Sraddhas, the Rishis with attentive study of the scriptures and with initiation (under proper forms into the mysteries of religion), and the gods with many excellent and high sacrifices, having duly observed Kshatriya duties according

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.12

विद्म चैवं न वा विद्म शक्यं वा वेदितुं न वा अनीयान कषुर धाराया गरीयान पर्वताद अपि

vidma caivaṃ na vā vidma śakyaṃ vā vedituṃ na vā anīyāna kaṣura dhārāyā garīyāna parvatāda api

हिन्दी अर्थ

काले परिणते काल: कालयिष्यति मामिव अभ्यतीतानि कालेन कालो हि दुरतिक्रम:

English

to the injunctions of the scriptures, having cast my eyes fearlessly upon hostile troops, I won many victories in battle, O Vasava! This Sudeva, O chief of the deities, was formerly the generalissimo of my forces. It is true. He was a warrior of tranquil soul. For what reason, however, has he succeeded in transcending me? He never worshipped the gods in high and great sacrifices. He never gratified the Brahmanas (by frequent and costly presents) according to the ordinance. For what reason, then, has he succeeded in transcending me?'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.13

गन्धर्वनगराकारः परथमं संप्रदृश्यते अन्वीक्ष्यमाणः कविभिः पुनर गच्छत्य अदर्शनम

gandharvanagarākāraḥ parathamaṃ saṃpradṛśyate anvīkṣyamāṇaḥ kavibhiḥ punara gacchatya adarśanama

हिन्दी अर्थ

लिये अत्यन्त कठिन है

English

"Indra said, 'Regarding this Sudeva, O sire, the great sacrifice of battle had often been spread out by him. The same becomes the case with every other man that engages in fight. Every warrior accoutred in armour, by advancing against foes in battle array, becomes installed in that sacrifice. Indeed, it is a settled conclusion that such a person, by acting in this way, comes to be regarded as the performer of the sacrifice of battle.'

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.14

निपानानीव गॊऽभयाशे कषेत्रे कुल्येव भारत समृतॊ ऽपि शाश्वतॊ धर्मॊ विप्रहीनॊ न दृश्यते

nipānānīva gò'bhayāśe kaṣetre kulyeva bhārata samṛtò 'pi śāśvatò dharmò viprahīnò na dṛśyate

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वभूतभवं देवं ब्रह्माणमिव शाश्वतम् त्वं तु बालिशया बुद्धया ममेदमिति मन्‍्यसे

English

"Amvarisha said, 'What constitutes the libations in that sacrifice? What constitutes its liquid offerings?

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.15

कामाद अन्ये कषयाद अन्ये कारणैर अपरैस तथा असन्तॊ हि वृथाचारं भजन्ते बहवॊ ऽपरे

kāmāda anye kaṣayāda anye kāraṇaira aparaisa tathā asantò hi vṛthācāraṃ bhajante bahavò 'pare

हिन्दी अर्थ

नित्यं कालपरीतात्मा भवत्येवं सुरेश्वर

English

Some from desire, some from decay, some for other reasons; many of the bad follow vain conduct.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.16

धर्मॊ भवति स कषिप्रं विलीनस तव एव साधुषु अन्ये तान आहुर उन्मत्तान अपि चावहसन्त्य उत

dharmò bhavati sa kaṣipraṃ vilīnasa tava eva sādhuṣu anye tāna āhura unmattāna api cāvahasantya uta

हिन्दी अर्थ

कंचित् कालमियं स्थित्वा त्वयि वासव चञडचला पृथुरैलो मयो भीमो नरक: शम्बरस्तथा

English

Dharma is soon dissolved among the good; others call them mad and even laugh at them.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.17

महाजना हय उपावृत्ता राजधर्मं समाश्रिताः न हि सर्वहितः कश चिद आचारः संप्रदृश्यते

mahājanā haya upāvṛttā rājadharmaṃ samāśritāḥ na hi sarvahitaḥ kaśa cida ācāraḥ saṃpradṛśyate

हिन्दी अर्थ

सत्येषुषभो बाहु: कपिलाश्वञी विरूपक:

English

Great men have returned, resorting to the dharma of kings; for no conduct is seen that is for the good of all.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.18

तेनैवान्यः परभवति सॊ ऽपरं बाधते पुनः दृश्यते चैव स पुनस तुल्यरूपॊ यदृच्छया

tenaivānyaḥ parabhavati sò 'paraṃ bādhate punaḥ dṛśyate caiva sa punasa tulyarūpò yadṛcchayā

हिन्दी अर्थ

संकोचो5थ वरीताक्षो वराहाश्वो रुचिप्रभ: हिरण्यकशि पुश्चिव कैटभश्वैव दानव:

English

By that same one another prevails, and again oppresses another; and again he is seen of like form by chance.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.19

येनैवान्यः परभवति सॊ ऽपरान अपि बाधते आचाराणाम अनैकाग्र्यं सर्वेषाम एव लक्षयेत

yenaivānyaḥ parabhavati sò 'parāna api bādhate ācārāṇāma anaikāgryaṃ sarveṣāma eva lakṣayeta

हिन्दी अर्थ

एते चान्ये च बहव: पूर्वे पूर्वतराश्ष ये

English

By whatever one prevails over another, he oppresses others also; one should observe the lack of one-pointedness in all conduct.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 252.20

चिराभिपन्नः कविभिः पूर्वं धर्म उदाहृतः तेनाचारेण पूर्वेण संस्था भवति शाश्वती

cirābhipannaḥ kavibhiḥ pūrvaṃ dharma udāhṛtaḥ tenācāreṇa pūrveṇa saṃsthā bhavati śāśvatī

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वे मायाशतधरा: सर्वे ते कामरूपिण:

English

Dharma long approached and cited by the wise: by that earlier conduct the order becomes eternal."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.1

[भी] अत्राप्य उदाहरन्तीमम इतिहासं पुरातनम तुलाधारस्य वाक्यानि धर्मे जाजलिना सह

[bhī] atrāpya udāharantīmama itihāsaṃ purātanama tulādhārasya vākyāni dharme jājalinā saha

हिन्दी अर्थ

यत् तद् वर्षसहस्रान्तं पूर्ण भवितुमरहति

English

What is its Dakshina! Who, again, are regarded its Ritwijasl Tell me all this, O performer of a hundred

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.2

वने वनचरः कश चिज जाजलिर नाम वै दविजः सागरॊद्देशम आगम्य तपस तेपे महातपः

vane vanacaraḥ kaśa cija jājalira nāma vai davijaḥ sāgaròddeśama āgamya tapasa tepe mahātapaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

न च कालेन कालज्ञ: स्पृष्ट: शोचितुमरहति एवमुक्त: सहस्राक्षो भगवान् पाकशासन:

English

In the forest, a certain forest-dweller, a twice-born named Jajali, came to the seashore and performed great austerity.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.3

नियतॊ नियताहारश चीराजिनजता धरः मलपङ्क धरॊ धीमान बहून वर्षगणान मुनिः

niyatò niyatāhāraśa cīrājinajatā dharaḥ malapaṅka dharò dhīmāna bahūna varṣagaṇāna muniḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

कालचारित्रतत्त्वज्ञ: सर्वशास्त्रविशारद:

English

Restrained, with restrained diet, wearing bark and deerskin and matted locks, bearing dirt and mud, the wise sage did so for many years.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.4

स कदा चिन महातेजा जलवासॊ महीपते चचार लॊकान विप्रर्षिः परेक्षमाणॊ मनॊजवः

sa kadā cina mahātejā jalavāsò mahīpate cacāra lòkāna viprarṣiḥ parekṣamāṇò manòjavaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

उदाहरण यहाँ दिया जाता है। युधिष्ठिर! तुम ध्यान देकर उसे सुनो सामान्यमृषिभिर्गत्वा ब्रह्मतोकनिवासिभि:

English

Once, that sage of great splendour, living in water, roamed through the worlds with the speed of mind, seeing them.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.5

स चिन्तयाम आस मुनिर जलमध्ये कदा चन विप्रेक्ष्य सागरान्तां वै महीं सवनकाननाम

sa cintayāma āsa munira jalamadhye kadā cana viprekṣya sāgarāntāṃ vai mahīṃ savanakānanāma

हिन्दी अर्थ

अहं श्रद्धा च मेधा च संनतिर्विजिति: स्थिति:

English

Once, in the midst of the water, the sage thought, looking at the earth with its forests and groves up to the sea.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.6

न मया सदृशॊ ऽसतीह लॊके सथावरजङ्गमे अप्सु वैहायसं गच्छेन मया यॊ ऽनयः सहेति वै

na mayā sadṛśò 'satīha lòke sathāvarajaṅgame apsu vaihāyasaṃ gacchena mayā yò 'nayaḥ saheti vai

हिन्दी अर्थ

विपरीतांस्तु तान् बुद्ध्वा त्वयि वासमरोचयम् दृष्टत्वा च किमिहागास्त्वं हित्वा हैतेयदानवान्

English

"There is none like me here in the moving and unmoving world; who else could go with me through the water and the sky?"

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.7

स दृश्यमानॊ रक्षॊभिर जलमध्ये ऽवदत ततः अब्रुवंश च पिशाचास तं नैवं तवं वक्तुम अर्हसि

sa dṛśyamānò rakṣòbhira jalamadhye 'vadata tataḥ abruvaṃśa ca piśācāsa taṃ naivaṃ tavaṃ vaktuma arhasi

हिन्दी अर्थ

स्वर्गमार्गाभिरामेषु सत्त्वेषु निरता हाहम्

English

Seen by rakshasas in the midst of the water, he spoke so; and the pishachas said to him, "You ought not to speak so.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.8

तुला धारॊ वणिग्धर्मा वाराणस्यां महायशः सॊ ऽपय एवं नार्हते वक्तुं यथा तवं दविजसत्तम

tulā dhārò vaṇigdharmā vārāṇasyāṃ mahāyaśaḥ sò 'paya evaṃ nārhate vaktuṃ yathā tavaṃ davijasattama

हिन्दी अर्थ

गुरूणामतिथीनां च तेषां सत्यमवर्तत अतिथियोंकी पूजा करते थे। उनके यहाँ सत्यका भी पालन होता था

English

The merchant Tuladhara of Varanasi, of great fame, who follows a trader's dharma, does not deserve to speak as you do, best of the twice-born."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.9

इत्य उक्तॊ जाजलिर भूतैः परत्युवाच महातपः पश्येयं तम अहं पराज्ञं तुलाधारं यशस्विनम

itya uktò jājalira bhūtaiḥ paratyuvāca mahātapaḥ paśyeyaṃ tama ahaṃ parājñaṃ tulādhāraṃ yaśasvinama

हिन्दी अर्थ

गुरुशुश्रूषका दान्ता ब्रह्म॒ण्या: सत्यवादिन:

English

Thus addressed by the beings, the great ascetic Jajali replied, "I shall see that wise and famous Tuladhara."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.10

इति बरुवाणं तम ऋषिं रक्षांस्य उद्धृत्य सागरात अब्रुवन गच्छ पन्थानम आस्थायेमं दविजॊत्तम

iti baruvāṇaṃ tama ṛṣiṃ rakṣāṃsya uddhṛtya sāgarāta abruvana gaccha panthānama āsthāyemaṃ davijòttama

हिन्दी अर्थ

अहमैन्द्राच्च्युत: स्थानात् त्वमिन्द्र: प्रकृतो दिवि कि हि कृत्वा त्वमिन्द्रोडद्य कि वा कृत्वा वयं च्युता:

English

"Indra said, 'Elephants constitute the Ritwijas of that sacrifice, and steeds are its Audharyus. The flesh of foes constitutes ifs libations, and blood is its liquid offering, l Jackals and vultures and ravens, as also winged shafts, constitute its Sadasyas. These drink the remnants left of the liquid offering in this sacrifice and eat the remnants of its libations. Heaps of lances and spears, of swords and darts and axes, blazing, sharp, and well-tempered, constitute the ladles of the sacrificer. Straight, sharp, and well- tempered arrows, with keen points and capable of piercing the bodies of foes, impelled from well- stretched bows, constitute its large double-mouthed ladles. Sheathed in scabbards made of tiger-skin and equipped with handles made of ivory, and capable of cutting off the elephant's trunk, the swords form the Sphises of this sacrifice. 2 The strokes inflicted with blazing and keen lances and darts and swords and axes, all made of hard iron, constitute its profuse wealth procured from the respectable people by agreement in respect of the amount and period. The blood that runs over the field in consequence of the fury of the attack, constitutes the final libation, fraught with great merit and capable of granting every wish, in the Homa of this sacrifice. Cut, Pierce, and such other sounds, that are heard in the front ranks of the array, constitute the Samans sung by its Vedic chanters in the abode of Yama. The front ranks of the enemy's array constitute the vessel for the keep of its libations. The crowd of elephants and steeds and men equipped with shields are regarded to constitute the Syenachit fire of that sacrifice. The headless trunks that rise up after thousands have been slaughtered constitute the octagonal stake, made of Khadira wood, for the hero who performs that sacrifice. The shrieks that elephants utter when urged on with hooks, constitute its Ida mantras. The kettle-drums, with the slaps of palms forming the Vashats, O king, are its

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.11

इत्य उक्तॊ जाजलिर भूतैर जगाम विमनास तदा वाराणस्यां तुलाधारं समासाद्याब्रवीद वचः

itya uktò jājalira bhūtaira jagāma vimanāsa tadā vārāṇasyāṃ tulādhāraṃ samāsādyābravīda vacaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

या पराभव पाकर न तो अत्यन्त हर्ष माने और न अधिक व्यथित ही हो

English

Trisaman Udgatri. When the property or a Brahmana is being taken away, he who casts off his body that is so dear for protecting that property, does, by that act of self-devotion, acquire the merit or a sacrifice with infinite presents. That hero who, for the sake of his master, displays prowess at the van of the array and shows not his back through fear, earns those regions of felicity that are mine. He who strews the altar of the sacrifice constituted by battle, with swords cased in blue scabbards and severed arms resembling heavy bludgeons, succeeds in winning regions of felicity like mine. That warrior who, resolved upon obtaining victory, penetrates into the midst of the enemy's ranks without waiting for any assistance, succeeds in winning regions of felicity like mine. That warrior who in battle, causes a river of blood to flow, terrible and difficult to cross, having kettle-drums for its frogs and tortoises, the bones of heroes for its sands, blood and flesh for its mire, swords and shields for its rafts, the hair of slain warriors for its floating weeds and moss, the crowds of steeds and elephants and cars for its bridges, standards and banners for its bushes of cane, the bodies or slain elephants for its boats and huge alligators, swords and scimitars for its larger vessels, vultures and Kankas and ravens for the rafts that float upon it, that warrior who causes such a river, difficult of being crossed by even those that are possessed of courage and power and which inspires all timid men with dread, is said to complete the sacrifice by performing the final ablutions. That hero whose altar (in such a sacrifice) is strewn over with the (severed) heads of foes, of steeds, and of elephants, obtains regions of felicity like mine. The

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.12

[य] किं कृतं सुकृतं कर्म तात जाजलिना पुरा येन सिद्धिं परां पराप्तस तन नॊ वयाख्यातुम अर्हसि

[ya] kiṃ kṛtaṃ sukṛtaṃ karma tāta jājalinā purā yena siddhiṃ parāṃ parāptasa tana nò vayākhyātuma arhasi

हिन्दी अर्थ

त्वमेव हीन्द्र वेत्थास्मान् वेदाहं त्वां च वासव त्वमेव हि पुरा वेत्थ यत् तदा पौरुषं मम

English

[Yudhishthira said:] "What good deed did Jajali do before, by which he reached the highest success? You should tell us that."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.13

[भी] अतीव तपसा युक्तॊ घॊरेण स बभूव ह नद्य उपस्पर्शन रतः सायंप्रातर महातपः

[bhī] atīva tapasā yuktò ghòreṇa sa babhūva ha nadya upasparśana rataḥ sāyaṃprātara mahātapaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

आदित्याश्रैव रुद्राश्न॒ साध्याश्न वसुभि: सह

English

[Bhishma said:] "He was joined with exceedingly fierce austerity, devoted to bathing in the river at dusk and dawn.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.14

अग्नीन परिचरन सम्यक सवाध्यायपरमॊ दविजः वानप्रस्थविधानज्ञॊ जाजलिर जवलितः शरिया

agnīna paricarana samyaka savādhyāyaparamò davijaḥ vānaprasthavidhānajñò jājalira javalitaḥ śariyā

हिन्दी अर्थ

त्वमेव शक्र जानासि देवासुरसमागमे कि नु शक्‍्यं मया कर्तु कालो हि दुरतिक्रम:

English

Tending the fires rightly, intent on study, knowing the rule of forest-dwelling, Jajali blazed with fortune.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.15

सत्ये तपसि तिष्ठन स न च धर्मम अवैक्षत वर्षास्व आकाशशायी स हेमन्ते जलसंश्रयः

satye tapasi tiṣṭhana sa na ca dharmama avaikṣata varṣāsva ākāśaśāyī sa hemante jalasaṃśrayaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

न तु विक्रमकालोयं क्षमाकालोडयमागत:

English

Abiding in truth and austerity, he did not look to dharma; in the rains he slept under the open sky, in winter in water.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.16

वतातप सहॊ गरीस्मे न च धर्मम अविन्दत दुःखशय्याश च विविधा भूमौ च परिवर्तनम

vatātapa sahò garīsme na ca dharmama avindata duḥkhaśayyāśa ca vividhā bhūmau ca parivartanama

हिन्दी अर्थ

त॑ मां परिणते काले परीतं कालवह्लिना अयं स पुरुष: श्यामो लोकस्य दुरतिक्रम:

English

In summer he endured wind and heat, and did not find dharma; he slept on painful beds of many kinds and rolled on the ground.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.17

ततः कदा चित स मुनिर वर्षास्व आकाशम आस्थितः अन्तरिक्षाज जलं मूर्ध्ना परत्यगृह्णान मुहुर मुहुर

tataḥ kadā cita sa munira varṣāsva ākāśama āsthitaḥ antarikṣāja jalaṃ mūrdhnā paratyagṛhṇāna muhura muhura

हिन्दी अर्थ

मुझे अपने पाशमें बाँधे खड़ा है

English

Once, in the rains, the sage standing in the open took the water from the sky on his head again and again.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.18

अथ तस्य जताः कलिन्ना बभूवुर गरथिताः परभॊ अरण्यगमनान नित्यं मलिनॊ मलसंयुताः

atha tasya jatāḥ kalinnā babhūvura garathitāḥ parabhò araṇyagamanāna nityaṃ malinò malasaṃyutāḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

नाहं कर्ता न कर्ता त्वं कर्ता यस्तु सदा प्रभु: लगे हुए फलके समान मुझे पका रहा है

English

His locks became wet and matted, lord; from always going to the forest he was dirty, joined with dirt.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.19

स कदा चिन निराहारॊ वायुभक्षॊ महातपः तस्थौ काष्ठवद अव्यग्रॊ न चचाल च कर्हि चित

sa kadā cina nirāhārò vāyubhakṣò mahātapaḥ tasthau kāṣṭhavada avyagrò na cacāla ca karhi cita

हिन्दी अर्थ

यान्येव पुरुष: कुर्वन् सुखै: कालेन युज्यते

English

Once, fasting, living on wind, of great austerity, he stood like a log, untroubled, never moving.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.20

तस्य सम सथानु भूतस्य निर्विचेष्टस्य भारत कुलिङ्ग शकुनौ राजन नीदं शिरसि चक्रतुः

tasya sama sathānu bhūtasya nirviceṣṭasya bhārata kuliṅga śakunau rājana nīdaṃ śirasi cakratuḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

साते न व्यथते बुद्धिरचला तत्त्वदर्शिनी

English

As he stood like a post, motionless, Bharata, a pair of kulinga birds made a nest on his head, king.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.21

स तौ दयावान विप्रर्षिर उपप्रैक्षत दम्पती कुर्वाणं नीदकं तत्र जतासु तृणतन्तुभिः

sa tau dayāvāna viprarṣira upapraikṣata dampatī kurvāṇaṃ nīdakaṃ tatra jatāsu tṛṇatantubhiḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

को हि विश्वासमर्थेषु शरीरे वा शरीरभूत् अथवा अपने शरीरपर भी विश्वास कर सकता है?

English

The compassionate sage watched the pair making a nest there with straw and fibre in his locks.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.22

यदा स न चलत्य एव सथानु भूतॊ महातपः ततस तौ परिविश्वस्तौ सुखं तत्रॊसतुस तदा

yadā sa na calatya eva sathānu bhūtò mahātapaḥ tatasa tau pariviśvastau sukhaṃ tatròsatusa tadā

हिन्दी अर्थ

अहमप्येवमेवैनं लोकं जानाम्यशाश्वतम्

English

When the great ascetic did not move at all, standing like a post, the two, trusting, lived there happily.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.23

अतीतास्व अथ वर्षासु शरत्काल उपस्थिते पराजापत्येन विधिना विश्वानात काममॊहितौ

atītāsva atha varṣāsu śaratkāla upasthite parājāpatyena vidhinā viśvānāta kāmamòhitau

हिन्दी अर्थ

जगत्को क्षणभंगुर ही जानता हूँ न चात्र परिहारोस्ति कालस्पृष्टस्य कस्यचित्

English

When the rains had passed and autumn arrived, the two flying creatures, bewildered by desire, by the Prajapatya rule of knowledge,

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.24

तत्रापातयतां राजञ शिरस्य अन्दानि खेचरौ तान्य अबुध्यत तेजस्वी स विप्रः संशितव्रतः

tatrāpātayatāṃ rājaña śirasya andāni khecarau tānya abudhyata tejasvī sa vipraḥ saṃśitavrataḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

अनीशस्याप्रमत्तस्य भूतानि पचत: सदा

English

laid eggs on his head, king; the radiant brahmana of strict vows knew of the eggs.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.25

बुद्ध्वा च स महातेजा न चचालैव जाजलिः धर्मे धृतमना नित्यं नाधर्मं स तव अरॊचयत

buddhvā ca sa mahātejā na cacālaiva jājaliḥ dharme dhṛtamanā nityaṃ nādharmaṃ sa tava aròcayata

हिन्दी अर्थ

अप्रमत्तः प्रमत्तेषु कालो जागर्ति देहिषु पुराण: शाश्वतो धर्म: सर्वप्राणभूतां सम:

English

Knowing, the great-splendoured Jajali did not move; his mind ever steady in dharma, he did not like adharma.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.26

अहन्य अहनि चागम्य ततस तौ तस्य मूर्धनि आश्वासितौ वै वसतः संप्रहृष्टौ तदा विभॊ

ahanya ahani cāgamya tatasa tau tasya mūrdhani āśvāsitau vai vasataḥ saṃprahṛṣṭau tadā vibhò

हिन्दी अर्थ

अहोरात्रांश्व॒ मासांश्व क्षणान् काष्ठा लवान् कला:

English

Day by day the two came to his head and, reassured, dwelt there, delighted then, lord.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.27

अन्देभ्यस तव अथ पुष्टेभ्यः परजायन्त शकुन्तकाः वयवर्थन्त च तत्रैव न चाकम्पत जाजलिः

andebhyasa tava atha puṣṭebhyaḥ parajāyanta śakuntakāḥ vayavarthanta ca tatraiva na cākampata jājaliḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

इदानीं तावदेवासौ मया दृष्ट: कथं मृत: नश्यन्त्यर्थास्तथा भोगा: स्थानमैश्वर्यमेव च

English

From the nourished eggs the chicks were born and grew up there, and Jajali did not move.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.28

स रक्षमाणस तव अन्दानि कुलिङ्गानां यतव्रतः तथैव तस्थौ धर्मात्मा निर्वेचेष्टः समाहितः

sa rakṣamāṇasa tava andāni kuliṅgānāṃ yatavrataḥ tathaiva tasthau dharmātmā nirveceṣṭaḥ samāhitaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

उच्छाया विनिपातान्ता भावो5भाव: स एव च

English

Guarding the eggs of the kulingas, of controlled vow, the righteous-souled one stayed thus, motionless and collected.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.29

ततस तु कालसमये बभूवुस ते ऽथ पक्षिणः बुबुधे तांश च स मुनिर जातपक्षाञ शकुन्तकान

tatasa tu kālasamaye babhūvusa te 'tha pakṣiṇaḥ bubudhe tāṃśa ca sa munira jātapakṣāña śakuntakāna

हिन्दी अर्थ

ईरष्याभिमानलोभेषु कामक्रोधभयेषु च भवांस्तु भावतत्त्वज्ञो विद्वान् ज्ञानतपोन्वित:

English

Then in due time the birds came to be; and the sage knew the young birds had grown wings.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.30

ततः कदा चित तांस तत्र पश्यन पक्षीन यतव्रतः बभूव परमप्रीतस तदा मतिमतां वरः

tataḥ kadā cita tāṃsa tatra paśyana pakṣīna yatavrataḥ babhūva paramaprītasa tadā matimatāṃ varaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

सर्वलोको हायं मन्ये बुद्धया परिगतस्त्वया रजश्न हि तमश्न त्वां स्पृशते न जितेन्द्रियम्

English

Then once, seeing those birds there, the one of controlled vows, best of the wise, became supremely pleased.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.31

तथा तान अभिसंवृद्धान दृष्ट्वा चाप्नुवतां मुदम शकुनौ निर्भयौ तत्र ऊसतुश चात्मजैः सह

tathā tāna abhisaṃvṛddhāna dṛṣṭvā cāpnuvatāṃ mudama śakunau nirbhayau tatra ūsatuśa cātmajaiḥ saha

हिन्दी अर्थ

सुहृदं सर्वभूतानां निर्वरे शान्तमानसम्

English

Likewise, seeing them grown, delighted, the two birds lived fearless there with their offspring.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.32

जातपक्षांश च सॊ ऽपश्यद उद्दीनान पुनरागतान सायं सायं दविजान विप्रॊ न चाकम्पत जाजलिः

jātapakṣāṃśa ca sò 'paśyada uddīnāna punarāgatāna sāyaṃ sāyaṃ davijāna viprò na cākampata jājaliḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

उस आत्माकी तुम उपासना करते हो मोक्ष्यन्ते वारुणा: पाशास्तवेमे कालपर्ययात्

English

He saw the winged ones fly off and come back each evening, and Jajali did not move.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.33

कदा चित पुनर अभ्येत्य पुनर गच्छन्ति संततम तयक्ता मातृपितृभ्यां ते न चाकम्पत जाजलिः

kadā cita punara abhyetya punara gacchanti saṃtatama tayaktā mātṛpitṛbhyāṃ te na cākampata jājaliḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

ब्राह्मणै: कारयिष्यन्ति वृषला: पादधावनम्

English

Sometimes they came again and went again, abandoned by mother and father, and Jajali did not move.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.34

अथ ते दिवसं चारीं गत्वा सायं पुनर नृप उपावर्तन्त तत्रैव निवासार्थं शकुन्तकाः

atha te divasaṃ cārīṃ gatvā sāyaṃ punara nṛpa upāvartanta tatraiva nivāsārthaṃ śakuntakāḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

वियोनिषु विमोक्ष्यन्ति बीजानि पुरुषा यदा चातुर्वर्ण्य यदा कृत्स्नममर्यादं भविष्यति

English

Then, having gone to roam by day, the chicks returned in the evening to the same place for dwelling.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.35

कदा चिद दिवसान पञ्च समुत्पत्य विहंगमाः सस्थे ऽहनि समाजग्मुर न चाकम्पत जाजलिः

kadā cida divasāna pañca samutpatya vihaṃgamāḥ sasthe 'hani samājagmura na cākampata jājaliḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

सुखी भव निराबाध: स्वस्थचेता निरामय:

English

Once the birds flew off for five days and came back together on the sixth, and Jajali did not move.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.36

करमेण च पुनः सर्वे दिवसानि बहून्य अपि नॊपावर्तन्त शकुना जातप्रानाः सम ते यदा

karameṇa ca punaḥ sarve divasāni bahūnya api nòpāvartanta śakunā jātaprānāḥ sama te yadā

हिन्दी अर्थ

ननन्द हर्षेण बभूव चैकराट् तथामृतं चार्पितमीश्वरोडपि हि

English

In time, for many days all the birds did not return, when they were fully grown.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.37

कदा चिन मासमात्रेण समुत्पत्य विहङ्गमाः नैवागच्छंस ततॊ राजन परातिष्ठत स जाजलिः

kadā cina māsamātreṇa samutpatya vihaṅgamāḥ naivāgacchaṃsa tatò rājana parātiṣṭhata sa jājaliḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

त्रिविष्टपं प्राप्प मुमोद वासव:

English

Once, after a month, the birds flew up and did not come back, king; then Jajali set out.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.38

ततस तेषु परलीनेषु जाजलिर जातविस्मयः सिद्धॊ ऽसमीति मतिं चक्रे ततस तं मान आविशत

tatasa teṣu paralīneṣu jājalira jātavismayaḥ siddhò 'samīti matiṃ cakre tatasa taṃ māna āviśata

हिन्दी अर्थ

पराभविष्यतश्चैव तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह है, उसके पूर्व लक्षण कैसे होते हैं? यह मुझे बताइये

English

When they were gone, Jajali, filled with wonder, thought, "I am perfected," and pride entered him.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.39

स तथा निर्गतान दृष्ट्वा शकुन्तान नियतव्रतः संभावितात्मा संभाव्य भृशं परीतस तदाभवन

sa tathā nirgatāna dṛṣṭvā śakuntāna niyatavrataḥ saṃbhāvitātmā saṃbhāvya bhṛśaṃ parītasa tadābhavana

हिन्दी अर्थ

श्रिया शक्रस्य संवादं त॑ निबोध युधिछ्िर

English

Seeing the birds gone out, the restrained one, honoured in himself, honouring himself, became very pleased then.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.40

स नद्यां समुपस्पृश्य तर्पयित्वा हुताशनम उदयन्तम अथादित्यम अभ्यगच्छन महातपः

sa nadyāṃ samupaspṛśya tarpayitvā hutāśanama udayantama athādityama abhyagacchana mahātapaḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

विचचार यथाकामं त्रिषु लोकेषु नारद:

English

Bathing in the river, offering to the fire, the great ascetic approached the rising sun.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.41

संभाव्य चतकान मूर्ध्नि जाजलिर जपतां वरः आस्फॊतयत तद आकाशे धर्मः पराप्तॊ मयेति वै

saṃbhāvya catakāna mūrdhni jājalira japatāṃ varaḥ āsphòtayata tada ākāśe dharmaḥ parāptò mayeti vai

हिन्दी अर्थ

हुई गंगाजीके तटपर गये और उसके भीतर उतरे तस्या देवर्षिजुष्टायास्तीरमभ्याजगाम ह

English

Honouring the sparrows on his head, Jajali, best of mutterers, clapped in the sky, saying, "I have attained dharma."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.42

अथान्तरिक्षे वाग आसीत तां स शुश्राव जाजलिः धर्मेण न समस तवं वै तुलाधारस्य जाजले

athāntarikṣe vāga āsīta tāṃ sa śuśrāva jājaliḥ dharmeṇa na samasa tavaṃ vai tulādhārasya jājale

हिन्दी अर्थ

नद्या: पुलिनमासाद्य सूक्ष्मकाज्चनवालुकम्

English

Then a voice came from the sky, and Jajali heard it: "You are not equal in dharma, Jajali, to Tuladhara.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.43

वाराणस्यां महाप्राज्ञस तुलाधारः परतिष्ठितः सॊ ऽपय एवं नार्हते वक्तुं यथा तवं भाससे दविज

vārāṇasyāṃ mahāprājñasa tulādhāraḥ paratiṣṭhitaḥ sò 'paya evaṃ nārhate vaktuṃ yathā tavaṃ bhāsase davija

हिन्दी अर्थ

अथ भास्करसमुद्यन्तं रश्मिजालपुरस्कृतम् होकर उनका उपस्थान किया

English

The greatly wise Tuladhara is established in Varanasi; even he does not deserve to speak as you do, twice-born."

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.44

सॊ ऽमर्षवशम आपन्नस तुलाधर दिदृक्षया पृथिवीम अचरद राजन यत्रसायं गृहॊ मुनिः

sò 'marṣavaśama āpannasa tulādhara didṛkṣayā pṛthivīma acarada rājana yatrasāyaṃ gṛhò muniḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

अभिततस्तूदयन्तं तमर्कमर्कमिवापरम्

English

Fallen under the sway of impatience, the sage wandered the earth, king, where he dwelt at dusk, wishing to see Tuladhara.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.45

कालेन महतागच्छत स तु वाराणसीं पुरीम विक्रीणन्तं च पन्यानि तुला धारं ददर्श सः

kālena mahatāgacchata sa tu vārāṇasīṃ purīma vikrīṇantaṃ ca panyāni tulā dhāraṃ dadarśa saḥ

हिन्दी अर्थ

तयो: समीप त॑ प्राप्तं॑ प्रत्यदृश्यत भारत भाभिरप्रतिमं भाति त्रैलोक्यमवभासयत्

English

After a great time he came to the city of Varanasi and saw Tuladhara selling wares.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.46

सॊ ऽपि दृष्ट्वैव तं विप्रम आयान्तं भान्द जीविनः समुत्थाय सुसंहृष्टः सवागतेनाभ्यपूजयत

sò 'pi dṛṣṭvaiva taṃ viprama āyāntaṃ bhānda jīvinaḥ samutthāya susaṃhṛṣṭaḥ savāgatenābhyapūjayata

हिन्दी अर्थ

बृहतीमंशुमत्प्रख्यां बृहद्धानोरिवार्चिषम्

English

He, seeing the brahmana coming, the dealer in goods rose up, very glad, and honoured him with welcome.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.47

[तुला] आयान एवासि विदितॊ मम बरह्मन न संशयः बरवीमि यत तु वचनं तच छृणुष्व दविजॊत्तम

[tulā] āyāna evāsi viditò mama barahmana na saṃśayaḥ baravīmi yata tu vacanaṃ taca chṛṇuṣva davijòttama

हिन्दी अर्थ

श्रियं ददृशतु: पद्मां साक्षात् पदच्मादलस्थिताम् अभ्यागच्छत् त्रिलोकेशं देवर्षि चापि नारदम्

English

[Tuladhara said:] "You have come, brahmana; I knew it, without doubt. Hear the word I tell you, best of the twice-born.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.48

सागरानूपम आश्रित्य तपस तप्तं तवया महत न च धर्मस्य संज्ञां तवं पुरा वेत्थ कथं चन

sāgarānūpama āśritya tapasa taptaṃ tavayā mahata na ca dharmasya saṃjñāṃ tavaṃ purā vettha kathaṃ cana

हिन्दी अर्थ

और देवर्षि नारदके पास आयीं

English

You performed great austerity at the seashore, and you did not know the name of dharma before.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.49

ततः सिद्धस्य तपसा तव विप्र शकुन्तकाः कषिप्रं शिरस्य अजायन्त ते च संभावितास तवया

tataḥ siddhasya tapasā tava vipra śakuntakāḥ kaṣipraṃ śirasya ajāyanta te ca saṃbhāvitāsa tavayā

हिन्दी अर्थ

देवराज: श्रियं राजन् वाक्‍्यं चेदमुवाच ह कुतश्चागम्यते सुभ्रु गन्तव्यं क्व च ते शुभे

English

Then, through the perfection of your austerity, birds were soon born on your head, brahmana, and honoured by you.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.50

जातपक्षा यदा ते च गताश चारीम इतस ततः मन्यमानस ततॊ धर्मं चटक परभवं दविज खे वाचं तवम अथाश्रौषीर मां परति दविजसत्तम

jātapakṣā yadā te ca gatāśa cārīma itasa tataḥ manyamānasa tatò dharmaṃ caṭaka parabhavaṃ davija khe vācaṃ tavama athāśrauṣīra māṃ parati davijasattama

हिन्दी अर्थ

अहं स्वाहा स्वथधा चैव संस्तुतिर्नियति: स्मृति: निवसामि मनुष्येन्द्रे सहैव बलसूदन

English

When they were fledged and went out here and there to feed, thinking dharma came from sparrows, you heard a voice in the sky about me, best of the twice-born.

अध्याय 12

श्लोक 253.51

अमर्षवशम आपन्नस ततः पराप्तॊ भवान इह करवाणि परियं किं ते तद बरूहि दविजसत्तम

amarṣavaśama āpannasa tataḥ parāptò bhavāna iha karavāṇi pariyaṃ kiṃ te tada barūhi davijasattama

हिन्दी अर्थ

प्रश्निति दानशीले च सहैव निवसाम्यहम्

English

Fallen under the sway of impatience, you have come here; what shall I do that you like? Tell me, best of the twice-born."

स्रोत: bhavykhatri/DharmicData · प्राप्त 1/6/2026

शास्त्रीय प्रामाणिकता एवं पारदर्शकताSources & Interpretation

स्रोत, संस्करण एवं व्याख्या वर्गीकरण

धर्म ग्रंथ पर मूल शास्त्र, पारंपरिक भाष्य और आधुनिक व्याख्या को पूर्णतः पृथक रखा जाता है ताकि पाठक को किसी भी व्याख्या के शास्त्र होने का भ्रम न हो।

सामग्री वर्गीकरण संकेत (Epistemic Content Labels)

6 स्तरिय प्रमाण व्यवस्था
मूल पाठOriginal text

अपौरुषेय / प्रामाणिक शास्त्र (Primary Canonical Scripture)

मूल संस्कृत, प्राकृत अथवा अवधी श्लोक/मंत्र। यह सर्वोच्च प्रमाण (प्रस्थान) है। इस पाठ में किसी भी आधुनिक व्याख्याकार का हस्तक्षेप नहीं है।

शाब्दिक अनुवादLiteral translation

पदार्थ व अन्वय (Direct Grammatical & Word-for-Word Meaning)

व्याकरणसम्मत प्रत्यक्ष शब्दार्थ (अन्वय)। बिना किसी दार्शनिक संप्रदाय के पूर्वाग्रह के, संस्कृत शब्दों का सटीक भाषांतर।

पारंपरिक भाष्यTraditional commentary

आचार्य परंपरा व टीका (Classical Lineage Commentary)

प्राचीन आचार्य परंपरा (यथा शंकराचार्य, रामानुजाचार्य, मध्वाचार्य, श्रीधर स्वामी) द्वारा विरचित शास्त्रीय भाष्य व टीकाएं।

सरल व्याख्याSimple explanation

भावार्थ व सुबोध प्रबोधन (Accessible Pedagogical Exposition)

आधुनिक जिज्ञासुओं के लिए सरल भाषा में भावार्थ। यह मूल मंत्र नहीं, बल्कि पाठ को सुगम बनाने हेतु संपादकीय व्याख्या है।

आधुनिक चिंतनModern reflection

समसामयिक विमर्श व अनुप्रयोग (Contemporary Application & Analysis)

दार्शनिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक व वैज्ञानिक समरूपताओं पर आधुनिक चिंतन। यह मूल शास्त्र का अंग नहीं है और इसे शास्त्रोक्त सिद्धांत के रूप में नहीं देखा जाना चाहिए।

शोध टिप्पणीResearch note

पांडुलिपि एवं ऐतिहासिक शोध (Critical Apparatus & Manuscript Research)

पांडुलिपि विविधताएं, पाठ-भेद (variant readings), छंद रचना, और ऐतिहासिक व तुलनात्मक भाषावैज्ञानिक शोध। यह शास्त्र का मूल संदेश बदलने हेतु नहीं, बल्कि पाठ की प्रामाणिकता परखने के लिए है।