Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
26
अध्याय 26 / 47

Adhyāya 4 · Brāhmaṇa 5

15 श्लोक

पूर्ण अध्याय पाठ15 श्लोक

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.1

अथ ह याज्ञवल्क्यस्य द्वे भार्ये बभूवतुर्मैत्रेयी च कात्यायनी च तयोर्ह मैत्रेयी ब्रह्मवादिनी बभूव स्त्रीप्रज्ञैव तर्हि कात्यायन्यथ ह याज्ञवल्क्योऽन्यद्वृत्तमुपाकरिष्यन्

atha ha yājñavalkyasya dve bhārye babhūvaturmaitreyī ca kātyāyanī ca tayorha maitreyī brahmavādinī babhūva strīprajñaiva tarhi kātyāyanyatha ha yājñavalkyo'nyadvṛttamupākariṣyan

English

Yâgñavalkya had two wives, Maitreyî and Kâtyâyanî. Of these Maitreyî was conversant with Brahman, but Kâtyâyanî possessed such knowledge only as women possess. And Yâgñavalkya, when he wished to get ready for another state of life (when he wished to give up the state of a householder, and retire into the forest),

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.2

मैत्रेयीति होवाच याज्ञवल्क्यः प्रव्रजिष्यन्वा अरेऽहमस्मात्स्थानादस्मि ।हन्त तेऽनया कत्यायान्याऽन्तं करवाणीति

maitreyīti hovāca yājñavalkyaḥ pravrajiṣyanvā are'hamasmātsthānādasmi | hanta te'nayā katyāyānyā'ntaṃ karavāṇīti

English

Said, 'Maitreyî, verily I am going away from this my house (into the forest). Forsooth, let me make a settlement between thee and that Kâtyâyanî.'

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.3

सा होवाच मैत्रेयी यन्नु म इयं भगोः सर्वा पृथिवी वित्तेन पूर्णा स्यात् स्यां न्वहं तेनामृताऽऽहो३ नेति नेति होवाच याज्ञवल्क्यो यथैवोपकरणवतां जीवितं तथैव ते जीवितँ स्यादमृतत्वस्य तु नाऽऽशाऽस्ति वित्तेनेति

sā hovāca maitreyī yannu ma iyaṃ bhagoḥ sarvā pṛthivī vittena pūrṇā syāt syāṃ nvahaṃ tenāmṛtā''ho3 neti neti hovāca yājñavalkyo yathaivopakaraṇavatāṃ jīvitaṃ tathaiva te jīvitam̐ syādamṛtatvasya tu nā''śā'sti vitteneti

English

Maitreyî said: 'My Lord, if this whole earth, full of wealth, belonged to me, tell me, should I be immortal by it, or no?' 'No,' replied Yâgñavalkya, 'like the life of rich people will be thy life. But there is no hope of immortality by wealth.'

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.4

सा होवाच मैत्रेयी येनाहं नामृता स्यां किमहं तेन कुर्याम् ।यदेव भगवान्वेद तदेव मे ब्रूहीति

sā hovāca maitreyī yenāhaṃ nāmṛtā syāṃ kimahaṃ tena kuryām | yadeva bhagavānveda tadeva me brūhīti

English

And Maitreyî said: 'What should I do with that by which I do not become immortal? What my Lord knoweth (of immortality), tell that clearly to me.'

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.5

स होवाच याज्ञवल्क्यः प्रिया वै खलु नो भवती सती प्रियमवृधद् धन्त तर्हि भवत्येतद् व्याख्यास्यामि ते व्याचक्षाणस्य तु मे निदिध्यासस्वेति

sa hovāca yājñavalkyaḥ priyā vai khalu no bhavatī satī priyamavṛdhad dhanta tarhi bhavatyetad vyākhyāsyāmi te vyācakṣāṇasya tu me nididhyāsasveti

English

Yâgñavalkya replied: 'Thou who art truly dear to me, thou hast increased what is dear (to me in thee) . Therefore, if you like, Lady, I will explain it to thee, and mark well what I say.'

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.6

स होवाच न वा अरे पत्युः कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय पतिः प्रियो भवति ।न वा अरे जायायै कामाय जाया प्रिया भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय जाया प्रिया भवति ।न वा अरे पुत्राणां कामाय पुत्राः प्रिया भवन्त्यात्मनस्तु कामाय पुत्राः प्रिया भवन्ति ।न वा अरे वित्तस्य कामाय वित्तं प्रियं भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय वित्तं प्रियं भवति ॥ न वा अरे पशूनां कामाय पशवः प्रिया भवन्ति आत्मनस्तु कामाय पशवः प्रिया भवन्ति ।न वा अरे ब्रह्मणः कामाय ब्रह्म प्रियं भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय ब्रह्म प्रियं भवति ।न वा अरे क्षत्रस्य कामाय क्षत्रं प्रियं भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय क्षत्रं प्रियं भवति ।न वा अरे लोकानां कामाय लोकाः प्रिया भवन्त्यात्मनस्तु कामाय लोकाः प्रिया भवन्ति ।न वा अरे देवानां कामाय देवाः प्रिया भवन्त्यात्मनस्तु कामाय देवाः प्रिया भवन्ति ।न वा अरे वेदानां कामाय वेदाः प्रिया भवन्त्यात्मनस्तु कामाय वेदाः प्रिया भवन्ति ।न वा अरे भूतानां कामाय भूतानि प्रियाणि भवन्त्यात्मनस्तु कामाय भूतानि प्रियाणि भवन्ति ।न वा अरे सर्वस्य कामाय सर्वं प्रियं भवत्यात्मनस्तु कामाय सर्वं प्रियं भवत्यात्मा वा अरे द्रष्टव्यः श्रोतव्यो मन्तव्यो निदिध्यासितव्यो मैत्रेय्यात्मनि खल्वरे दृष्टे श्रुते मते विज्ञात इदँ सर्वं विदितम्

sa hovāca na vā are patyuḥ kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya patiḥ priyo bhavati | na vā are jāyāyai kāmāya jāyā priyā bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya jāyā priyā bhavati | na vā are putrāṇāṃ kāmāya putrāḥ priyā bhavantyātmanastu kāmāya putrāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are vittasya kāmāya vittaṃ priyaṃ bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya vittaṃ priyaṃ bhavati || na vā are paśūnāṃ kāmāya paśavaḥ priyā bhavanti ātmanastu kāmāya paśavaḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are brahmaṇaḥ kāmāya brahma priyaṃ bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya brahma priyaṃ bhavati | na vā are kṣatrasya kāmāya kṣatraṃ priyaṃ bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya kṣatraṃ priyaṃ bhavati | na vā are lokānāṃ kāmāya lokāḥ priyā bhavantyātmanastu kāmāya lokāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are devānāṃ kāmāya devāḥ priyā bhavantyātmanastu kāmāya devāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are vedānāṃ kāmāya vedāḥ priyā bhavantyātmanastu kāmāya vedāḥ priyā bhavanti | na vā are bhūtānāṃ kāmāya bhūtāni priyāṇi bhavantyātmanastu kāmāya bhūtāni priyāṇi bhavanti | na vā are sarvasya kāmāya sarvaṃ priyaṃ bhavatyātmanastu kāmāya sarvaṃ priyaṃ bhavatyātmā vā are draṣṭavyaḥ śrotavyo mantavyo nididhyāsitavyo maitreyyātmani khalvare dṛṣṭe śrute mate vijñāta idam̐ sarvaṃ viditam

English

And he said: 'Verily, a husband is not dear, that you may love the husband; but that you may love the Self, therefore a husband is dear. 'Verily, a wife is not dear, that you may love the wife; but that you may love the Self, therefore a wife is dear. 'Verily, sons are not dear, that you may love the sons; but that you may love the Self, therefore sons are dear. 'Verily, wealth is not dear, that you may love wealth; but that you may love the Self, therefore wealth is dear. 'Verily, cattle are not dear, that you may love cattle; but that you may love the Self, therefore cattle are dear. 'Verily, the Brahman-class is not dear, that you may love the Brahman-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Brahman-class is dear. 'Verily, the Kshatra-class is not dear, that you may love the Kshatra-class; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Kshatra-class is dear. 'Verily, the worlds are not dear, that you may love the worlds; but that you may love the Self, therefore the worlds are dear. 'Verily, the Devas are not dear, that you may love the Devas; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Devas are dear. 'Verily, the Vedas are not dear, that you may love the Vedas; but that you may love the Self, therefore the Vedas are dear. 'Verily, creatures are not dear, that you may love the creatures; but that you may love the Self, therefore are creatures dear. 'Verily, everything is not dear, that you may love everything; but that you may love the Self, therefore everything is dear. 'Verily, the Self is to be seen, to be heard, to be perceived, to be marked, O Maitreyî! When the Self has been seen, heard, perceived, and known, then all this is known!

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.7

ब्रह्म तं परादाद् योऽन्यत्राऽऽत्मनो ब्रह्म वेद क्षत्रं तं परादाद् योऽन्यत्राऽऽत्मनः क्षत्रं वेद लोकास्तं परादुः योऽन्यत्राऽऽत्मनो लोकान्वेद देवास्तं परादुः योऽन्यत्रात्मनो देवान्वेद वेदास्तं परादुर्योऽन्यत्रात्मनो वेदान्वेद भूतानि तं परादुर्योऽन्यत्राऽऽत्मनो भूतानि वेद सर्वं तं परादाद् योऽन्यत्राऽऽत्मनः सर्वं वेदेदं ब्रह्मेदं क्षत्रमिमे लोका इमे देवा इमे वेदा इमानि भूतानीदँ सर्वं यदयमात्मा

brahma taṃ parādād yo'nyatrā''tmano brahma veda kṣatraṃ taṃ parādād yo'nyatrā''tmanaḥ kṣatraṃ veda lokāstaṃ parāduḥ yo'nyatrā''tmano lokānveda devāstaṃ parāduḥ yo'nyatrātmano devānveda vedāstaṃ parāduryo'nyatrātmano vedānveda bhūtāni taṃ parāduryo'nyatrā''tmano bhūtāni veda sarvaṃ taṃ parādād yo'nyatrā''tmanaḥ sarvaṃ vededaṃ brahmedaṃ kṣatramime lokā ime devā ime vedā imāni bhūtānīdam̐ sarvaṃ yadayamātmā

English

'Whosoever looks for the Brahman-class elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Brahman-class. Whosoever looks for the Kshatra-class elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Kshatra-class. Whosoever looks for the worlds elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the worlds. Whosoever looks for the Devas elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Devas. Whosoever looks for the Vedas elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the Vedas. Whosoever looks for the creatures elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by the creatures. Whosoever looks for anything elsewhere than in the Self, was abandoned by anything. 'This Brahman-class, this Kshatra-class, these worlds, these Devas, these Vedas, all these beings, this everything, all is that Self.

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.8

स यथा दुन्दुभेर्हन्यमानस्य न बाह्याञ्छब्दाञ्छक्नुयाद् ग्रहणाय दुन्दुभेस्तु ग्रहणेन दुन्दुभ्याघातस्य वा शब्दो गृहीतः

sa yathā dundubherhanyamānasya na bāhyāñchabdāñchaknuyād grahaṇāya dundubhestu grahaṇena dundubhyāghātasya vā śabdo gṛhītaḥ

English

'Now as the sounds of a drum, when beaten, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the drum is seized, or the beater of the drum;

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.9

स यथा शङ्खस्य ध्मायमानस्य न बाह्याञ्छब्दाञ्छक्नुयाद् ग्रहणाय शङ्खस्य तु ग्रहणेन शङ्खध्मस्य वा शब्दो गृहीतः

sa yathā śaṅkhasya dhmāyamānasya na bāhyāñchabdāñchaknuyād grahaṇāya śaṅkhasya tu grahaṇena śaṅkhadhmasya vā śabdo gṛhītaḥ

English

'And as the sounds of a conch-shell, when blown, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the shell is seized, or the blower of the shell;

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.10

स यथा वीणायै वाद्यमानायै न बाह्याञ्छब्दाञ्छक्नुयाद्ग्रहणाय वीणायै तु ग्रहणेन वीणावादस्य वा शब्दो गृहीतः

sa yathā vīṇāyai vādyamānāyai na bāhyāñchabdāñchaknuyādgrahaṇāya vīṇāyai tu grahaṇena vīṇāvādasya vā śabdo gṛhītaḥ

English

'And as the sounds of a lute, when played, cannot be seized externally (by themselves), but the sound is seized, when the lute is seized, or the player of the lute;

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.11

स यथाऽऽर्द्रैधाग्नेरभ्याहितस्य पृथग्धूमा विनिश्चरन्त्येवं वा अरेऽस्य महतो भूतस्य निःश्वसितमेतद्यदृग्वेदो यजुर्वेदः सामवेदोऽथर्वाङ्गिरस इतिहासः पुराणं विद्या उपनिषदः श्लोकाः सूत्राण्यनुव्याख्यानानि व्याख्यानानि इष्टँ हुतमाशितं पायितमयं च लोकः परश्च लोकः सर्वाणि च भूतान्यस्यैवैतानि सर्वाणि निःश्वसितानि ॥ सामवेदसथर्वाङ्गिरससितिहासस्पुराणं विद्यासुपनिषदस्श्लोकास्सूत्राणि अनुव्याख्यानानि व्याख्याननि दत्तं

sa yathā''rdraidhāgnerabhyāhitasya pṛthagdhūmā viniścarantyevaṃ vā are'sya mahato bhūtasya niḥśvasitametadyadṛgvedo yajurvedaḥ sāmavedo'tharvāṅgirasa itihāsaḥ purāṇaṃ vidyā upaniṣadaḥ ślokāḥ sūtrāṇyanuvyākhyānāni vyākhyānāni iṣṭam̐ hutamāśitaṃ pāyitamayaṃ ca lokaḥ paraśca lokaḥ sarvāṇi ca bhūtānyasyaivaitāni sarvāṇi niḥśvasitāni || sāmavedasatharvāṅgirasasitihāsaspurāṇaṃ vidyāsupaniṣadasślokāssūtrāṇi anuvyākhyānāni vyākhyānani dattaṃ

English

'As clouds of smoke proceed by themselves out of lighted fire kindled with damp fuel, thus verily, O Maitreyî, has been breathed forth from this great Being what we have as Rig-veda, Yagur-veda, Sâma-veda, Atharvâṅgirasas, Itihâsa, Purâna, Vidyâ, the Upanishads, Slokas, Sûtras, Anuvyâkhyânas, Vyâkhyânas, what is sacrificed, what is poured out, food, drink , this world and the other world, and all creatures. From him alone all these were breathed forth.

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.12

स यथा सर्वासामपाँ समुद्र एकायनमेवँ सर्वेषाँ स्पर्शानां त्वगेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषां गन्धानां नासिकैकायनं एवँ सर्वेषाँ रसानां जिह्वैकायनमेवँ सर्वेषाँ रूपाणां चक्षुरेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषं शब्दानां श्रोत्रमेकायनं एवँ सर्वेषाँ सङ्कल्पानां मन एकायनमेवँ सर्वासां विद्यानाँ हृदयमेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषां कर्मणाँ हस्तावेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषामानन्दानामुपस्थ एकायनमेवँ सर्वेषां विसर्गाणां पायुरेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषामध्वनां पादावेकायनमेवँ सर्वेषां वेदानां वागेकायनम्

sa yathā sarvāsāmapām̐ samudra ekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣām̐ sparśānāṃ tvagekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāṃ gandhānāṃ nāsikaikāyanaṃ evam̐ sarveṣām̐ rasānāṃ jihvaikāyanamevam̐ sarveṣām̐ rūpāṇāṃ cakṣurekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣaṃ śabdānāṃ śrotramekāyanaṃ evam̐ sarveṣām̐ saṅkalpānāṃ mana ekāyanamevam̐ sarvāsāṃ vidyānām̐ hṛdayamekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāṃ karmaṇām̐ hastāvekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāmānandānāmupastha ekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāṃ visargāṇāṃ pāyurekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāmadhvanāṃ pādāvekāyanamevam̐ sarveṣāṃ vedānāṃ vāgekāyanam

English

'As all waters find their centre in the sea, all touches in the skin, all tastes in the tongue, all smells in the nose, all colours in the eye, all sounds in the ear, all percepts in the mind, all- knowledge in the heart, all actions in the hands, all movements in the feet, and all the Vedas in speech,--

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.13

स यथा सैन्धवघनोऽनन्तरोऽबाह्यः कृत्स्नो रसघन एवै वं वा अरेऽयमात्मानन्तरोऽबाह्यः कृत्स्नः प्रज्ञानघन एवैतेभ्यो भूतेभ्यः समुत्थाय तान्येवानुविनयष्यतिति प्रज्ञानघनसेव एतेभ्यस्भूतेभ्यस्समुत्थाय तानि एव अनुविनयति न प्रेत्य सञ्ज्ञाऽस्तीत्यरे ब्रवीमीति होवाच याज्ञवल्क्यः

sa yathā saindhavaghano'nantaro'bāhyaḥ kṛtsno rasaghana evai vaṃ vā are'yamātmānantaro'bāhyaḥ kṛtsnaḥ prajñānaghana evaitebhyo bhūtebhyaḥ samutthāya tānyevānuvinayaṣyatiti prajñānaghanaseva etebhyasbhūtebhyassamutthāya tāni eva anuvinayati na pretya sañjñā'stītyare bravīmīti hovāca yājñavalkyaḥ

English

'As a mass of salt has neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of taste, thus indeed has that Self neither inside nor outside, but is altogether a mass of knowledge; and having risen from out these elements, vanishes again in them. When he has departed, there is no more knowledge (name), I say, O Maitreyî,'--thus spoke Yâgñavalkya.

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.14

सा होवाच मैत्रेय्यत्रैव मा भगवान्मोहान्तमापीपिपन् न वा अहमिमं विजानामीति स होवाच न वा अरेऽहं मोहं ब्रवीम्यविनाशी वा अरेऽयमात्माऽनुच्छित्तिधर्मा

sā hovāca maitreyyatraiva mā bhagavānmohāntamāpīpipan na vā ahamimaṃ vijānāmīti sa hovāca na vā are'haṃ mohaṃ bravīmyavināśī vā are'yamātmā'nucchittidharmā

English

Then Maitreyî said: 'Here, Sir, thou hast landed me in utter bewilderment. Indeed, I do not understand him.' But he replied: 'O Maitreyî, I say nothing that is bewildering. Verily, beloved, that Self is imperishable, and of an indestructible nature.

अध्याय 26

श्लोक 4.5.15

यत्र हि द्वैतमिव भवति तदितर इतरं पश्यति तदितर इतरं जिघ्रति तदितर इतरँ रसयते तदितर इतरमभिवदति तदितर इतरँ शृणोति तदितर इतरं मनुते तदितर इतरँ स्पृशति तदितर इतरं विजानाति ।यत्र त्वस्य सर्वमात्मैवाभूत् तत्केन कं पश्येत् तत्केन कं जिघ्रेत् तत्केन कँ रसयेत् तत्केन कमभिवदेत् तत्केन कँ शृणुयात् तत्केन कं मन्वीत तत्केन कँ स्पृशेत् तत्केन कं विजानीयाद्येनेदँ सर्वं विजानाति तं केन विजानीयात् स एष नेति नेत्याऽत्मागृह्यो न हि गृह्यतेऽशीर्यो न हि शीर्यते ऽसङ्गो न हि सज्यतेऽसितो न व्यथते न रिष्यति ।विज्ञातारमरे केन विजानीयादित्युक्तानुशासनासि मैत्रेय्येतावदरे खल्वमृतत्वमिति होक्त्वा याज्ञवल्क्यो विजहार

yatra hi dvaitamiva bhavati taditara itaraṃ paśyati taditara itaraṃ jighrati taditara itaram̐ rasayate taditara itaramabhivadati taditara itaram̐ śṛṇoti taditara itaraṃ manute taditara itaram̐ spṛśati taditara itaraṃ vijānāti | yatra tvasya sarvamātmaivābhūt tatkena kaṃ paśyet tatkena kaṃ jighret tatkena kam̐ rasayet tatkena kamabhivadet tatkena kam̐ śṛṇuyāt tatkena kaṃ manvīta tatkena kam̐ spṛśet tatkena kaṃ vijānīyādyenedam̐ sarvaṃ vijānāti taṃ kena vijānīyāt sa eṣa neti netyā'tmāgṛhyo na hi gṛhyate'śīryo na hi śīryate 'saṅgo na hi sajyate'sito na vyathate na riṣyati | vijñātāramare kena vijānīyādityuktānuśāsanāsi maitreyyetāvadare khalvamṛtatvamiti hoktvā yājñavalkyo vijahāra

English

'For when there is as it were duality, then one sees the other, one smells the other, one tastes the other, one salutes the other, one hears the other, one perceives the other, one touches the other, one knows the other; but when the Self only is all this, how should he see another, how should he smell another, how should he taste another, how should he salute another, how should he hear another, how should he touch another, how should he know another? How should he know Him by whom he knows all this? That Self is to be described by No, no! He is incomprehensible, for he cannot be comprehended; he is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. How, O beloved, should he know the Knower? Thus, O Maitreyî, thou hast been instructed. Thus far goes immortality.' Having said so, Yâgñavalkya went away (into the forest).

स्रोत: https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/bribasic.itx · प्राप्त 20/10/2026

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धर्म ग्रंथ पर मूल शास्त्र, पारंपरिक भाष्य और आधुनिक व्याख्या को पूर्णतः पृथक रखा जाता है ताकि पाठक को किसी भी व्याख्या के शास्त्र होने का भ्रम न हो।

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6 स्तरिय प्रमाण व्यवस्था
मूल पाठOriginal text

अपौरुषेय / प्रामाणिक शास्त्र (Primary Canonical Scripture)

मूल संस्कृत, प्राकृत अथवा अवधी श्लोक/मंत्र। यह सर्वोच्च प्रमाण (प्रस्थान) है। इस पाठ में किसी भी आधुनिक व्याख्याकार का हस्तक्षेप नहीं है।

शाब्दिक अनुवादLiteral translation

पदार्थ व अन्वय (Direct Grammatical & Word-for-Word Meaning)

व्याकरणसम्मत प्रत्यक्ष शब्दार्थ (अन्वय)। बिना किसी दार्शनिक संप्रदाय के पूर्वाग्रह के, संस्कृत शब्दों का सटीक भाषांतर।

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प्राचीन आचार्य परंपरा (यथा शंकराचार्य, रामानुजाचार्य, मध्वाचार्य, श्रीधर स्वामी) द्वारा विरचित शास्त्रीय भाष्य व टीकाएं।

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दार्शनिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक व वैज्ञानिक समरूपताओं पर आधुनिक चिंतन। यह मूल शास्त्र का अंग नहीं है और इसे शास्त्रोक्त सिद्धांत के रूप में नहीं देखा जाना चाहिए।

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पांडुलिपि विविधताएं, पाठ-भेद (variant readings), छंद रचना, और ऐतिहासिक व तुलनात्मक भाषावैज्ञानिक शोध। यह शास्त्र का मूल संदेश बदलने हेतु नहीं, बल्कि पाठ की प्रामाणिकता परखने के लिए है।